Angioplasty is not considered major surgery. These procedures are most often performed under conscious or moderate sedation in a cardiovascular catheterization laboratory, also known as a 'cath lab. ' The procedure is done by threading a thin tube, called a catheter, through a small puncture in a leg or arm artery

As with all types of surgery, coronary angioplasty carries a risk of complications. However, the risk of serious problems is small. Complications can occur during or after an angioplasty. It's common to have bleeding or bruising under the skin where the catheter was inserted. Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. These blood vessels are called the coronary arteries. A coronary artery stent is a small, metal mesh tube that expands inside a coronary artery

Angioplasty combined with stent placement is one of the most common treatment modalities for heart disease in recent years. Complex coronary angioplasty is indicated for patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. Angioplasty is a medical procedure used to dilate the narrowed arteries supplying blood to the heart. This is accomplished by inflating a small balloon inside the artery to dilate the vessels and increase the blood flow to the heart. The arteries that carry blood from the heart to different parts of the body are blocked by fatty substances called plaque that restrict blood flow to the heart. During angioplasty, the stents are placed in the coronary artery to widen the passage of the blood vessels and improve the blood supply to the heart.

Procedure

Angioplasty is performed by a specialist in the cardiac catheterization laboratory of the hospital under local anesthesia and IV sedation. You will be made to lie comfortably on your back on an X-ray table. The area of catheter insertion, either the groin or arm, is shaved, disinfected and a local anesthesia is injected to numb the area. Then your physician will initially perform an angiogram to determine the extent and location of blockage within the coronary arteries followed by which a tiny cut is made over the insertion site. A small tube called a sheath is then inserted into an artery in the groin. A flexible tube called a catheter is passed through this sheath into the vessel and will be advanced under the guidance of X-ray images to reach the area of blockage.

Once the blocked area in the artery is reached, a special dye is injected through the catheter into the artery followed by X-ray pictures that will be taken to assess the extent of the blockage. Now, your physician will insert a guide wire through the catheter advancing it across the blockage. A catheter with a deflated balloon at its end is then threaded over the guide wire into the blockage. The balloon is inflated to push the plaque against the artery walls which opens up the blocked artery and increases blood flow to the heart.

Often, a stent made up of wire mesh is placed within the artery to help keep the artery open. After confirming that the artery is successfully dilated with the mesh in place, the balloon is deflated and the guide wire as well the catheter are withdrawn. The stent remains in place within the artery. Pressure will be applied to the insertion site for 15 minutes followed by a tight pressure bandage to prevent bleeding.

Risks

As with any medical procedures, angioplasty is also associated with certain potential risks. Most patients do not have complications after angioplasty; however, some complications can occur and may include:

• Bleeding from the insertion site
• Irregular heart beat
• Chest pain
• Blood vessel damage from the catheter requiring an operation for repair
• Kidney damage from dye used with angiogram
• Restenosis- Usually occurs within 6 months. Restenosis is the re-accumulation of plaque or scar tissue causing narrowing or blockage of the coronary artery
• Blood clot formation
• Dislocation of stent